Correct Answer: B

Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep.

Correct Answer: B

Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions. In using this approach, clients will feel valued and the rapport between counselors and clients will strengthen.

Correct Answer: B

In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way.

Correct Answer: B

The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client.

Correct Answer: A

Classical conditioning occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. In this case, the two stimuli were the

ringing of the bell and the treat. Operant conditioning occurs when there are rewards and punishments

associated with learning.

Reinforcement is a term associated with operant conditioning.

Correct Answer: A

A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.

Correct Answer: C

The patient's employer has no right to request information he or she shared in a confidential session with a therapist, even if it is through the Employee Assistance Program. Therapists are required to break confidentiality when someone's safety is at risk. Courts can subpoena charts, which is why therapists should be careful about taking notes during sessions.

Correct Answer: A

It is very important for counselors to follow through with reporting abuse, especially since they are mandated reporters. This is one of the instances when breaking confidentiality is warranted. It is not the counselor's job to get more information from the client in order to try to prove abuse occurred. If a counselor has the suspicion that abuse occurred, they need to report. In some instances, counselors do choose to let the parent know a report had to be made, but that is not required.

Correct Answer: D

Standard error of measurement estimates where an individual's scores would fall if given the same assessment over a period of time. Standard error of the mean is the variability of the sample means while standard deviation is a measure telling the amount of variation of a set of data points.

Correct Answer: D

The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed using several decades worth of empirical research. Cattell and his associates set to measure the following personality factors: warmth, intellect, emotional stability, aggressiveness, liveliness, dutifulness, social assertiveness, sensitivity, paranoia, abstractedness, introversion, anxiety, open mindedness, independence, perfectionism, tension. The Myers Briggs Type Inventory is a self- report personality inventory which indicates how people perceive the world and make decisions. The WISC and the WAIS are tests designed to measure cognitive intelligence.